陕北黄土区退耕还林(草)地土壤质量特征及其对降水的响应

为了解陕北黄土区退耕还林（草）地土壤质量差异特征及其对降水的响应，该文沿370～470 mm的降水梯度，选取了陕西省吴起县境内的王洼子（370～395 mm）、大吉沟（440～445 mm）和白豹（460～470 mm）3个降水梯度区作为研究区，并结合土壤质量指数法，定量评价降水梯度区广泛栽植的刺槐林（Robinia pseudoacacia）、沙棘林（Hippophae rhamnoides）和草地的土壤物理结构、持水性、盐碱度、碳汇指标以及速效养分指标方面的综合得分，明确植被恢复后土壤质量随降水梯度的变化特征。结果表明：1）降水量、植被类型以及二者的交互作用对土壤指标影响显著（P<0.05）。2）在460～470 mm降水量区，刺槐林（0.829）对土壤质量改良效果最好，其次为沙棘林（0.808），二者土壤质量均达到肥沃水平，且差异不显著，草地（0.679）土壤质量指数最低，土壤为较肥沃水平；在440～445 mm降水量区，沙棘林（0.74）对土壤改良效果最好，其次为刺槐林（0.601），二者均达到较肥沃水平，草地（0.479）土壤质量指数最低为中等水平；在370～395 mm降水量区，3种植被类型土壤质量指数由大到小表现为沙棘林（0.744）>刺槐林（0.387）>草地（0.251），沙棘林土壤质量等级为较肥沃、刺槐林和草地为贫瘠水平。3）在370～470 mm降水梯度内，3种植被类型土壤质量综合指数均随着降水量的减少而降低，其中沙棘林土壤质量指数变异性较低（4.1%），刺槐林（30.1%）和草地（37.2%）土壤质量变异性较高。该研究结果可为陕北黄土区370～470 mm降水梯度下的植被恢复与重建等林业生态工程实施提供数据支撑与理论支持。     

培肥措施对复垦土壤微生物碳氮代谢功能多样性的影响

土壤复垦是矿区生态环境恢复和耕地总量平衡及质量提升的根本要求。本研究依托山西襄垣采煤塌陷区复垦定位试验基地，采用Biolog-ECO方法和荧光定量PCR技术，研究了不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、单施有机肥（M）和有机无机培肥（MCF）4种培肥措施下复垦4年和8年土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性及氮代谢功能基因丰度的变化特征。结果表明，随复垦年限增加，单施有机肥较其他处理可显著提高复垦土壤微生物的总碳源利用能力；不同处理复垦土壤微生物碳源相对利用率总体表现为氨基酸类>糖类>聚合物类>羧酸类>双亲化合物类>胺类，其中单施有机肥更大程度上提高了羧酸类、氨基酸类和胺类碳源的利用率；复垦年限和培肥措施没有改变复垦土壤微生物优势度指数，但有机无机配施较其他处理可显著提高香浓指数（H′）和Pielou均匀度指数；不同处理复垦土壤氮转化功能基因丰度总体表现为amoA（AOA）> amoA（AOB）>nisS、nirK> nifH，5种功能基因丰度均为以有机无机培肥处理最高，且随复垦时间增加而增加；复垦土壤有机质含量与nirS、nirK、nifH基因丰度以及AWCD值存在显著相关性，相关系数在0.707～0.807，同时5种氮转化功能基因丰度均与玉米产量存在显著或极显著的相关性，相关系数在0.824～0.949。综上所述，单施有机肥可提高土壤有机质含量，进而增强了复垦土壤碳代谢强度，有机无机培肥则更有利于复垦土壤碳氮代谢功能多样性的提升，并促进作物产量形成。     

秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量对河套灌区夏玉米氮利用及产量影响

为探究夏玉米氮素转运利用规律、产量及土壤NO3－-N含量分布对秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量的响应，在河套灌区开展2a不同秸秆覆盖方式（秸秆表覆B处理、秸秆深埋S处理）和不同施氮水平（不施氮N0、低氮N1、中氮N2、高氮N3）的田间试验，以传统耕作模式为对照（CK处理）。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层，各处理NO3－-N含量随施氮量增加而增大，成熟期B和CK处理随土层加深呈先减后增趋势，而S处理呈先增后减趋势；B处理提高0～20 cm土层NO3－-N含量，而S处理提高20～40 cm土层NO3－-N含量（P<0.05）；秸秆覆盖可减少0～100 cm土层NO3－-N累积损失量，且显著提高氮肥利用率及夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率，SN2处理效果较佳。相比CK处理，成熟期的SN2处理2 a平均NO3－-N累积损失量降低39.6%，氮肥利用率较提高28.5%，夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率提高32.1%，增产9.3%。综合分析，秸秆深埋配施中氮效果较佳，可实现河套灌区夏玉米提效增产的目标，并减少深层土壤NO3－-N累积损失量，为优化河套灌区夏玉米耕作施氮模式和缓解农业面源污染提供参考。     

链霉菌和壳聚糖对淮山土壤微生物活性与群落的影响

为探究链霉菌30702和壳聚糖对淮山土壤微生物活性与群落的影响,采用比色法和滴定法观测土壤酶活性的变化,采用高通量测序技术和Trimmomatic等软件,分析土壤微生物群落中细菌和真菌的发展变化。结果表明,链霉菌、壳聚糖、土壤原始微生物和培养时间等4个因素对淮山土壤的脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有显著影响,壳聚糖浓度在0~10.0 g/kg内,土壤酶活性随壳聚糖浓度的增大而提高;随时间的延长,先升再降;壳聚糖与链霉菌之间存在交互效应。链霉菌和壳聚糖能增加淮山土壤细菌的物种丰度,减少细菌的多样性,增加艾德昂菌属（Ideonella）和纤维弧菌（Cellvibrio）等有益菌属的相对丰度,而对真菌的物种丰度和多样性的影响较小,与对照之间的差异不显著,土壤优势菌属为腐质霉属（Humicola）、枝孢属（Cladosporium）、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）和uncultured_bacterium_ c_Subgroup_6。其中,链霉菌与2.5 g/kg壳聚糖复合处理的细菌物种丰度最大,细菌多样性最少。     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨生物炭长期施用对酸化茶园土壤改良和真菌群落结构的影响,分析了按生物炭用量0、2.5、5、10、20、40 t·hm^-2施用5年后的茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构变化。结果表明,施用生物炭5年后的茶园土壤pH提高了0.16~1.11,可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%~92.3%,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量以10 t·hm^-2处理最高。施用生物炭5年后的土壤性质变化,进一步影响了真菌群落结构,表现为Chao指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数随生物炭用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;提高生物炭施用量对茶园土壤次要作用的真菌（LDA值<3.50）丰度的增加效果高于优势真菌（LDA值>3.50）的效果,其中被孢霉属、木霉属、毛壳菌属的相对丰度增加,黑盘孢属的相对丰度降低。     

Response of grain-filling rate and grain quality of mid-season indica rice to nitrogen application

Nitrogen is one of the important factors for high yield of rice. Apart from high yield, high quality has become the current urgent demand for rice production. Grain-filling stage is crucial for rice yield and quality formation. However, the effect of nitrogen on grain-filling characteristics and the relationship of grain-filling characteristics and rice quality of mid-season indica rice were still unclear. A field experiment was carried out to ascertain the critical grain-filling characteristics that contribute to rice milling quality, appearance quality and cooking and eating quality under nitrogen applications. The results showed that nitrogen applications prolonged the duration of superior and inferior grain filling. The mean grainfilling rate(G_(mean)) and the maximum grain-filling rate(G_(max)) of the inferior grains were positively correlated with chalky kernel rate, chalkiness, and amylose content. The time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate(T_(max) G) of the inferior grains was positively correlated with brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head milled rice rate. Chalky kernel rate and chalkiness were negatively correlated with peak paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Less amylose content and more crude protein content were detected in nitrogen application of Liangyoupei 9 and Y Liangyou 2 both in 2016 and 2017. According to the correlation analysis, better cooking and eating quality of Y Liangyou 2 which had less amylose content might result from its higher G_(max) and G_(mean) of inferior grain than that of Liangyoupei 9 in the treatments of nitrogen application. These results indicated that the prolonging grain-filling duration and increasing grain weight at the maximum grain-filling rate of inferior grains contributed to the improvement of milling quality, appearance quality, and cooking and eating quality of mid-season indica rice under appropriate nitrogen applications.     

土壤团聚体有机碳研究进展

土壤有机碳是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,对于促进土壤养分循环、增加养分有效性有重要作用。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,是组成土壤结构的最小单元,受到自然因素和人为因素的影响,其形成转化过程与土壤固碳过程息息相关,因而研究团聚体和有机碳的关系及团聚体有机碳影响因素对于土壤结构的改善和土壤质量的提升具有重要意义。本文通过对文献的总结,明晰了土壤团聚体和有机碳的关系,阐述了土壤类型、施肥方式、土地利用和矿区复垦对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响,并从生物质炭的长期定位研究和复垦矿区的土壤修复两方面对土壤团聚体有机碳的研究进行展望,研究结果可为合理的农业生产提供科学依据。     

Modulation of plant root traits by nitrogen and phosphate: transporters,long-distance signaling proteins and peptides,and potential artificial traps

As sessile organisms, plants rely on their roots for anchorage and uptake of water and nutrients. Plant root is an organ showing extensive morphological and metabolic plasticity in response to diverse environmental stimuli including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition/stresses. N and P are two essential macronutrients serving as not only cell structural components but also local and systemic signals triggering root acclimatory responses. Here, we mainly focused on the current advances on root responses to N and P nutrition/stresses regarding transporters as well as long-distance mobile proteins and peptides, which largely represent local and systemic regulators, respectively. Moreover, we exemplified some of the potential pitfalls in experimental design, which has been routinely adopted for decades. These commonly accepted methods may help researchers gain fundamental mechanistic insights into plant intrinsic responses, yet the output might lack strong relevance to the real situation in the context of natural and agricultural ecosystems. On this basis, we further discuss the established—and yet to be validated—improvements in experimental design, aiming at interpreting the data obtained under laboratory conditions in a more practical view.     

Assessment of the ideal ratios of digestible essential amino acids for pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus,juveniles by the amino acid deletion method

The present study aimed to determine the ideal ratios of digestible essential amino acids (EAAs) for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles by the amino acid (AA) deletion method. A completely randomized design which consisted of 11 treatments and three replicates each was used. The treatments included a control diet (CD) containing 55% of nonpurified natural ingredients and 45% of purified synthetic amino acids and ingredients, and other ten isonitrogenous and isoenergetic EAA limiting diets (LDs), each being deficient in 44.4 ± 0.02% of the respective EAA. Pacu juveniles with initial average body weight of 6.22 ± 0.09 g were distributed among 33 fiber glass tanks. Fish were fed with semipurified and extruded diets for 113 days two times a day until apparent satiation. The ideal ratio of each dietary EAA was calculated on the basis of the relationship between body N retention and amount of EAA deleted from the respective EAA LD. Based on the AA deletion method, the ideal ratios of digestible EAAs for pacu juveniles, relative to lysine requirement of 100% were estimated as: methionine 14.6%, threonine 35.0%, tryptophan 6.6%, arginine 62.8%, histidine 13.6%, isoleucine 26.3%, leucine 43.7%, phenylalanine 27.2%, and valine 35.8%.     

不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响

为了探究不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响,试验地采用马铃薯连作模式,设置3个施肥处理,即：单施化肥(T)、有机肥配施化肥(YTF 1/2)、全量有机肥(YTF)。结果表明：在不同施肥处理下马铃薯农田土壤的理化性质和马铃薯产量发生了变化,其中变化最为明显的土壤指标有土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和导水率、有效磷。YTF处理较T处理可分别显著(P<0.05)降低土壤容重16.8%,增加土壤孔隙度12.7%,提升饱和导水率25.3%。YTF处理可显著提升土壤有效磷含量43.0%,但各处理间土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾之间差异并未达到显著水平。同时,较之T处理,YTF处理亦可显著提升土壤团聚体含量。YTF和YTF 1/2处理可分别较T处理提升马铃薯产量24.6%和12.8%。因此,施用有机肥不仅可以改善土壤结构,改良土壤物理性状,亦能促产增收。